Wedge Wire Well Screens
June 13, 2026
Wedge Wire Pipe Based Well Screen for Oil Wells
Pipe-based sand screens combine a perforated API casing or tubing base with a welded V-wire jacket for controlled sand retention in oil and gas completions.
304L / 316L / Duplex Materials
Technical Overview
Construction, materials, and operating considerations
The Pipe-Based Wedge Wire Well Screen uses the base pipe as the structural member and the screen jacket as the filtration surface. The base pipe can be supplied in an API casing grade or in a stainless or duplex alloy, depending on the well design. Perforations provide the flow path between the screen jacket and the pipe bore, while the V-shaped wire controls the size of particles entering the completion. This arrangement is useful when a screen has to carry deployment loads as well as provide a defined filtration opening.
The wire jacket is resistance-welded at the contact points between the profile wire and the support rods. The welded construction keeps the slot pattern in place during handling and installation. For horizontal, deviated, and high-pressure wells, the load carried by the screen is primarily transferred through the base pipe and end connections, so the pipe grade and wall thickness need to be selected with the completion loads in mind.
Primary System Specifications & Supply Capability
| Specification Parameter | Imperial Value | Metric Value | Manufacturing Standard / Option |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outer Diameter Range | 2-3/8 in – 20 in | 60.3 mm – 508 mm | API 5CT / Custom Sizing |
| Base Pipe Wall Thickness | 0.205 in – 0.635 in | 5.21 mm – 16.13 mm | SCH 40, SCH 80, STD, Heavy Wall |
| Slot Opening Precision | 0.002 in – 0.118 in | 0.05 mm – 3.0 mm (50-3000µm) | High-Precision Micro Gap Control |
| Length Classifications | R1 (16-25 ft), R2 (25-34 ft), R3 (34-48 ft) | R1 (4.88-7.62m), R2 (7.62-10.36m), R3 (10.36-14.63m) | API 5CT standard length ranges |
| Base Pipe Manufacturing Type | Seamless (SMLS) / ERW / EFW | Seamless / Welded Construction | ASTM A312, ASTM A358, API 5CT |
| Material Options | Stainless Steel (304, 304L, 316, 316L, 904L), Duplex 2205/2507, Alloy 825/625, API Carbon Steels | Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (CRA) | |
| End Connection Types | API Threaded (STC, LTC, BTC), Premium Gas-Tight Threads, Beveled Weld Ends, Flanged Ends | API Spec 5B / ISO 11960 Compliant | |
| Surface Treatments | Pickling & Passivation, Mechanical Polishing, Bright Annealing, Sand Blasting, Electro-polishing | ASTM A380 Standard Passivation | |
API Casing Pipe Base Dimensions & Nominal Weight Matrix
| Nominal Size (in) | Outside Diameter (mm) | Linear Weight (lb/ft) | Linear Weight (kg/m) | Wall Thickness (mm) | Available Steel Grades |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-1/2 | 114.30 | 11.60 / 13.50 | 17.26 / 20.09 | 6.35 / 7.37 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / J55 |
| 5 | 127.00 | 15.00 / 18.00 / 21.40 | 22.32 / 26.79 / 31.85 | 7.52 / 9.29 / 11.10 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / N80 |
| 5-1/2 | 139.70 | 17.00 / 20.00 / 23.00 | 25.30 / 29.76 / 34.23 | 7.72 / 9.17 / 10.54 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / L80 |
| 7 | 177.80 | 23.00 / 26.00 / 29.00 | 34.23 / 38.69 / 43.16 | 8.05 / 9.19 / 10.36 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / P110 |
| 9-5/8 | 244.48 | 43.50 / 47.00 | 64.74 / 69.94 | 11.05 / 11.99 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / 2205 |
| 10-3/4 | 273.05 | 40.50 / 51.00 | 60.27 / 75.90 | 8.89 / 11.43 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / 2507 |
| 13-3/8 | 339.73 | 54.50 / 68.00 | 81.80 / 101.19 | 9.65 / 12.19 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L / J55 |
| 16 | 406.40 | 65.00 / 75.00 | 96.73 / 111.61 | 9.53 / 11.13 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L |
| 18-5/8 | 473.10 | 87.50 | 130.21 | 11.05 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L |
| 20 | 508.00 | 94.00 / 106.50 | 139.89 / 158.49 | 11.13 / 12.70 | 304 / 304L / 316 / 316L |
Construction of a Pipe-Based Sand Screen
The screen is built around two main parts: a perforated base pipe and a continuous-slot wedge-wire jacket. The pipe carries the main tensile and collapse loads, while the jacket provides the sand-retention surface. The two parts are joined at the ends and, depending on the design, supported at intermediate locations.
1. Perforated Base Pipe
API 5CT casing or tubing can be drilled with CNC equipment using staggered, longitudinal, or other specified hole patterns. Hole diameter and density are selected to provide the required flow area without removing more pipe wall than the design permits. The finished holes are normally deburred before the screen jacket is fitted.
2. Wedge-Wire Jacket
The jacket is made by winding V-shaped profile wire around longitudinal support rods and welding the contact points. Because the slot is narrower at the outside surface and opens toward the inside, particles that enter the opening are less likely to become wedged in the slot.
3. End Rings and Collars
End rings or collars secure the screen jacket to the base pipe. Their dimensions and weld details depend on the connection design and the loads expected during running in hole (RIH), including handling, torque, and axial forces.
Base Pipe Perforation & Screen Open Area Performance Data
| Nominal Size (in) | OD (mm) | Base Pipe Perforation Specifications | Screen Open Area (in²/ft) by Slot Size | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hole Dia. (in) | Hole Density (/ft) | Hole Area (in²/ft) | Screen Jacket OD (in) | 0.008″ (0.20mm) | 0.012″ (0.30mm) | 0.015″ (0.38mm) | 0.020″ (0.50mm) | ||
| 2-3/8 | 60.0 | 3/8 | 96 | 10.60 | 2.86 | 12.68 | 17.96 | 21.56 | 26.95 |
| 2-7/8 | 73.0 | 3/8 | 108 | 11.93 | 3.38 | 14.99 | 21.23 | 25.48 | 31.85 |
| 3-1/2 | 88.9 | 1/2 | 108 | 21.21 | 4.06 | 18.00 | 25.50 | 30.61 | 38.26 |
| 4 | 101.6 | 1/2 | 120 | 23.56 | 4.55 | 20.18 | 28.58 | 34.30 | 42.88 |
| 4-1/2 | 114.3 | 1/2 | 144 | 28.27 | 5.08 | 15.63 | 22.53 | 27.35 | 34.82 |
| 5 | 127.0 | 1/2 | 156 | 30.63 | 5.62 | 17.29 | 24.92 | 30.26 | 38.52 |
| 5-1/2 | 139.7 | 1/2 | 168 | 32.99 | 6.08 | 18.71 | 26.96 | 32.74 | 41.67 |
| 6-5/8 | 168.3 | 1/2 | 180 | 35.34 | 7.12 | 21.91 | 31.57 | 38.34 | 48.80 |
| 7 | 177.8 | 5/8 | 136 | 42.16 | 7.58 | 23.32 | 33.61 | 40.82 | 51.95 |
| 7-5/8 | 194.0 | 5/8 | 148 | 45.88 | 8.20 | 25.23 | 36.36 | 44.16 | 56.20 |
| 8-5/8 | 219.0 | 5/8 | 168 | 51.08 | 9.24 | 28.43 | 40.98 | 49.76 | 63.33 |
| 9-5/8 | 244.5 | 5/8 | 188 | 58.28 | 10.18 | 31.32 | 45.15 | 54.82 | 69.77 |
| 10-3/4 | 273.0 | 5/8 | 209 | 64.79 | 11.36 | 34.95 | 50.38 | 61.18 | 77.86 |
| 13-3/8 | 339.7 | 5/8 | 260 | 80.60 | 14.04 | 37.80 | 54.93 | 66.87 | 85.17 |
*Note: The values shown are reference configurations. Hole diameter, spacing, pattern, and open area can be changed to suit the completion design.
Chemical Composition Analysis (Weight %)
| Grade / Alloy | UNS Code | C (Max) | Mn (Max) | Si (Max) | P (Max) | S (Max) | Cr | Ni | Mo | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AISI 304 | S30400 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 17.5–19.5 | 8.0–10.5 | — | 0.10 |
| AISI 304L | S30403 | 0.030 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 17.5–19.5 | 8.0–12.0 | — | 0.10 |
| AISI 316 | S31600 | 0.08 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 16.0–18.0 | 10.0–14.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.10 |
| AISI 316L | S31603 | 0.030 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.030 | 16.0–18.0 | 10.0–14.0 | 2.0–3.0 | 0.10 |
| Duplex 2205 | S31803 / S32205 | 0.030 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 22.0–23.0 | 4.5–6.5 | 3.0–3.5 | 0.14–0.20 |
| Super Duplex 2507 | S32750 | 0.030 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.020 | 24.0–26.0 | 6.0–8.0 | 3.0–5.0 | 0.24–0.32 |
Mechanical Properties & Yield Strengths
| Steel Grade | Tensile Strength Rm (MPa) | Yield Strength Rp0.2 (MPa) | Elongation A5 (%) | Hardness (HBW Max) | Hardness (HRB Max) | Density (g/cm³) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AISI 304 | ≥ 515 | ≥ 205 | ≥ 40 | 201 | 92 | 7.93 |
| AISI 304L | ≥ 485 | ≥ 170 | ≥ 40 | 201 | 92 | 7.93 |
| AISI 316 | ≥ 515 | ≥ 205 | ≥ 40 | 217 | 95 | 7.98 |
| AISI 316L | ≥ 485 | ≥ 170 | ≥ 40 | 217 | 95 | 7.98 |
| Duplex 2205 | ≥ 655 | ≥ 450 | ≥ 25 | 290 | 31 HRC | 7.80 |
| API J55 (Base) | ≥ 517 | 379–552 | ≥ 19 | — | — | 7.85 |
| API L80 (Base) | ≥ 655 | 552–655 | ≥ 19 | 241 | 23 HRC | 7.85 |
| API P110 (Base) | ≥ 862 | 758–965 | ≥ 15 | — | — | 7.85 |
Manufacturing and Welding
Automated Resistance Welding of the Screen Jacket
Manufacturing starts with inspection of the base pipe and screen wire and continues through drilling, jacket forming, welding, assembly, end preparation, and final inspection. The exact sequence depends on the pipe size, material, slot opening, and connection required.
The base pipe is positioned on a CNC drilling machine and the specified hole pattern is produced around the pipe. Hole position and diameter are checked during production, and burrs are removed from the bore and outside surface so that they do not interfere with flow or screen assembly.
The V-wire is formed around the support rods while the winding pitch is controlled by the welding machine. Slot opening is checked against the purchase specification, and the wire-to-rod contacts are welded as the jacket is formed.
After welding, the jacket is fitted over the perforated base pipe. Where support rings are specified, they are installed at the required spacing to keep the jacket aligned with the pipe during handling and service.
End rings are welded to the base pipe and jacket using the welding procedure specified for the selected materials. The joint is intended to hold the jacket in position and limit flow bypass around the screen ends.
Comparative Engineering Matrix: Wedge Wire vs. Slotted Liner
| Evaluation Parameter | Wedge Wire Pipe-Based Screen | Conventional Slotted Liner | Wire-Wrapped Non-Pipe Screen |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-Clogging Performance | High (V-shape inner widening) | Poor (Straight cuts trap sand) | High (V-shape profile) |
| Collapse Strength | Maximum (API Casing Core Strength) | Moderate to High | Low to Moderate (No internal pipe) |
| Open Area Index | High (30% to 68%) | Low (2% to 5%) | Very High (40% to 70%) |
| Sand Retention Efficiency | 99.5% Precision Control | 75% – 85% Moderate Control | 99.0% Precision Control |
| Deep Well Adaptability | Good (Depths > 4,000m) | Good (Shallow to Medium) | Poor (Shallow applications only) |
| Service Life Expectancy | 20 – 30+ Years Downhole | 5 – 10 Years (Erosion prone) | 8 – 12 Years |
Quality Control, NDT & Testing Standards
Inspection Before Shipment
Each completed screen is checked before packing. Inspection may include dimensional checks, visual examination, weld inspection, material verification, thread inspection, and other tests listed in the purchase specification. API, ASTM, ISO, or project requirements are applied where they govern the product.
Standard Factory Quality Inspection Plan (QIP)
| Inspection Item | Testing Method | Acceptance Criteria | Sampling Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Composition | Spectrometric Analysis (PMI) | ASTM A312 / API 5CT Grade Limits | 1 heat per raw material lot |
| Tensile & Yield Strength | Universal Tensile Tester | API 5CT / ASTM Mechanical standard | 2 samples per production batch |
| Slot Size Accuracy | Optical Comparator / Feeler Gauge | Nominal Slot ± 0.015mm | 10 points per length of pipe |
| Base Pipe Perforation Pattern | Laser Coordinate Measurement | Engineering Drawing Tolerances | 100% Visual and Dimensional |
| Weld Fusion Integrity | Push-Off Shear Strength Test | ≥ Base metal yield threshold | 1 test per shift start |
| End Thread Gauging | API Working Thread Gauges | API Spec 5B Standard Thread Specs | 100% of threaded ends |
Manufacturing Dimensional Tolerances
| Dimension Category | Standard Specification Tolerance | Precision Class Tolerance |
|---|---|---|
| Outer Diameter (OD) – Base Pipe | ± 0.75% of OD | ± 0.50% of OD |
| Wall Thickness (WT) – Base Pipe | – 12.5% / + 15.0% | – 10.0% / + 10.0% |
| Slot Opening Width | ± 0.020 mm | ± 0.010 mm |
| Pipe Straightness Deviation | 1.5 mm / meter | 1.0 mm / meter |
| Total Length Variance | ± 50 mm per 12 meter joint | ± 15 mm per 12 meter joint |
Downhole Field Applications & Deployment Environments
Typical Downhole Applications
Heavy Oil & Thermal Recovery (SAGD)
SAGD and other thermal-recovery wells expose completion components to repeated heating and cooling. For these services, stainless or duplex screen materials may be considered where the temperature, fluid chemistry, and mechanical loads justify their use. The selected alloy and base pipe still need to be checked against the actual completion conditions.
Deep High-Pressure Hydrocarbon Wells
Deep wells can impose substantial collapse and tensile loads on the screen assembly. A heavier-wall L80, P110, or other specified base pipe can be selected when the calculated loads require it. Collapse resistance should be established from the actual pipe dimensions, grade, connection and well conditions rather than from a single nominal pressure figure.
Extended Reach Horizontal Wells
Horizontal completions can place the screen under drag, bending, and side loads during running. A rigid base pipe helps carry these loads, while centralizers and the running procedure are used to control contact with the wellbore.
Corrosion Resistance & Downhole Fluid Suitability
| Material Grade | H2S Service (Sour Oil) | CO2 Corrosion Resistance | Chloride Pitting Resistance (PREN) | Max Operational Temp |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AISI 304 / 304L | Not Recommended | Moderate | PREN ≈ 18–20 | up to 250°C |
| AISI 316 / 316L | Acceptable (Low H2S) | Good | PREN ≈ 23–25 | up to 300°C |
| Duplex 2205 | NACE MR0175 Qualified | Good | PREN ≈ 34–36 | up to 280°C |
| Super Duplex 2507 | NACE MR0175 Qualified | High | PREN ≥ 42 | up to 300°C |
| Incoloy Alloy 825 | Severe Sour Environments | Maximum Protection | PREN ≥ 45 | up to 450°C |
*PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) = %Cr + 3.3x(%Mo + 0.5x%W) + 16x%N.
End Connections and Thread Selection
The end connection is normally machined on the base pipe or supplied with the connection specified for the completion string. API Spec 5B connections or premium connections can be used, provided the thread, coupling, seal and joint strength are suitable for the planned loads.
An 8-round connection is commonly used where the casing design calls for this thread form and the expected joint loads are within its rated capacity.
Longer or premium connections may be selected when higher joint strength or improved sealing performance is required. The connection should be rated as a complete pipe-and-coupling assembly.
Buttress or other high-strength connection profiles are used when the completion design calls for greater axial load capacity. The choice should follow the casing program and connection manufacturer’s rating.
API Casing Thread Dimension & Mechanical Rating Table
| Casing Size (in) | Thread Type | Threads per Inch (TPI) | Thread Taper (in/ft) | Coupling OD (in) | Joint Strength – J55 (kN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-1/2 | STC / LTC | 8 | 0.750 | 5.000 | 680 kN |
| 5-1/2 | LTC / BTC | 8 / 5 | 0.750 | 6.050 | 1,010 kN |
| 7 | LTC / BTC | 8 / 5 | 0.750 | 7.656 | 1,470 kN |
| 9-5/8 | LTC / BTC | 8 / 5 | 0.750 | 10.625 | 2,540 kN |
| 13-3/8 | STC / BTC | 8 / 5 | 0.750 | 14.375 | 3,210 kN |
Slot Geometry and Flow Through the Screen
Why the V-Wire Slot Profile Is Used
Screen geometry affects pressure drop and the way formation fluids enter the completion. A conventional slotted liner has straight slot walls, so particles can lodge across the opening as the slot becomes restricted. Local velocity can then rise around the remaining open area, increasing the chance of uneven flow and wear.
In contrast, the Vee-shaped profile wire features a precise narrow aperture at the outer surface that widens internally toward the base pipe. Any sand particle small enough to pass through the outer slot edge flows freely through the internal widening channel without getting stuck. This design minimizes pressure drops across the screen section, preserves uniform inflow velocity, and reduces erosion.
Standard Vee-Wire Profile Dimensions & Specifications
| Wire Profile Designation | Wire Width (mm) | Wire Height (mm) | Relief Angle (Degrees) | Recommended Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Profile 63 Wire | 1.50 mm | 2.50 mm | 13° | Fine slot media filtration (<0.15mm) |
| Profile 90 Wire | 2.28 mm | 3.50 mm | 10° | Standard Oil & Gas Sand Control |
| Profile 120 Wire | 3.00 mm | 4.50 mm | 12° | Heavy-duty gravel pack support |
| Profile 150 Wire | 3.80 mm | 5.00 mm | 15° | Severe erosion & deep high-flow wells |
Use with Gravel-Pack Completions
In formations with fine or poorly sorted sand, a pipe-based screen can be installed as the retaining element in an open-hole or cased-hole gravel-pack completion. The screen slot and gravel size are selected as a matched system rather than as separate items.
During gravel placement, the selected gravel is pumped into the annulus around the screen. The slot opening is chosen so the screen retains the gravel while allowing produced fluid to pass through. The base pipe carries the mechanical load during placement and subsequent production.
Gravel Pack Media & Screen Slot Selection Reference
| Gravel Pack Sand Size (U.S. Mesh) | Gravel Grain Diameter (Inches) | Gravel Grain Diameter (mm) | Recommended Screen Slot (Inches) | Recommended Screen Slot (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12/20 Mesh | 0.0331″ – 0.0661″ | 0.841 mm – 1.680 mm | 0.020″ | 0.50 mm |
| 16/30 Mesh | 0.0234″ – 0.0469″ | 0.595 mm – 1.190 mm | 0.015″ | 0.38 mm |
| 20/40 Mesh | 0.0165″ – 0.0331″ | 0.420 mm – 0.841 mm | 0.010″ – 0.012″ | 0.25 mm – 0.30 mm |
| 40/60 Mesh | 0.0098″ – 0.0165″ | 0.250 mm – 0.420 mm | 0.006″ – 0.008″ | 0.15 mm – 0.20 mm |
| 50/70 Mesh | 0.0083″ – 0.0117″ | 0.210 mm – 0.297 mm | 0.005″ | 0.125 mm |
Packaging and Field Handling
Packaging for Transport
The screen jacket and end connections need protection during transport because dents, bent wires, and damaged threads can affect installation. Packaging is normally selected according to pipe length, weight, destination, and handling method.
Thread protectors are fitted to exposed pin and box ends where applicable. They help keep dirt and handling damage away from the connection surfaces.
The screen jacket can be wrapped and restrained with suitable protective material to reduce impact from adjacent pipes and lifting equipment during transport.
Depending on shipment size and destination, screens may be packed in treated wooden cases or bundled on steel frames. Spacers are used where necessary to keep adjacent screen surfaces from rubbing against each other.
Standard Logistics & Container Capacity Matrix
| Container Type | Max Pipe Length Capacity | Max Payload Weight | Est. 4-1/2″ Pipe Quantity | Est. 7″ Pipe Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20ft Standard (20’GP) | 5.80 meters (19 ft) | 21,500 kg | 180 – 210 Joints | 80 – 100 Joints |
| 40ft Standard (40’GP) | 11.80 meters (38.7 ft) | 26,500 kg | 120 – 140 Joints | 60 – 75 Joints |
| 40ft High Cube (40’HC) | 11.80 meters (38.7 ft) | 26,500 kg | 130 – 150 Joints | 70 – 85 Joints |
BLOCK 25: Technical Installation Guidelines Block
Running the Screen into the Well
Handling and RIH Considerations
The screen should be handled in the same way as other precision completion equipment, with particular attention to the wire jacket and threaded ends. The completion program and the connection manufacturer’s running procedure take precedence over general handling advice.
Use suitable lifting slings and protectors, and keep elevator dies or slips from contacting the wire jacket directly. The screen surface should not be used as a lifting or gripping point.
Apply the specified thread compound to the connection surfaces in accordance with the casing running procedure. Keep excess compound away from the screen slots and verify makeup according to the connection specification.
Run the assembly at a controlled speed to limit surge effects. In deviated wells, centralization and the planned RIH procedure can reduce contact between the screen and the low side of the hole.
Downhole Operational Troubleshooting Matrix
| Observed Downhole Symptom | Potential Root Cause | Immediate Remedial Action | Preventative Specification Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unexpected Pressure Drop Across Screen | Drilling Mud Filter Cake Plugging | Perform Acid Wash or Matrix Stimulation | Optimize Drilling Fluid Solids Size / Increase Slot Width |
| Sand Production in Surface Separator | Slot Erosion or Incorrect Gravel Sizing | Reduce Well Inflow Velocity / Choke Down | Re-evaluate Grain Size Distribution (PSD) / Upgrade Alloy |
| High Drag Forces During RIH | Wellbore Dogleg / Ledge Obstruction | Rotate String Gently & Circulate Fluids | Install Positive Heavy-Duty Spring Centralizers |
Engineering Order Request Checklist
| Required Order Parameter | Example Parameter Entry | Engineering Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Base Pipe OD & Weight | 7.00 in (177.8mm), 26.00 lb/ft | Determines clearance inside casing and burst/collapse rating |
| Base Pipe Steel Grade | API 5CT L80 or AISI 316L | Ensures compatibility with H2S, CO2, and structural depth loads |
| Screen Jacket Slot Opening | 0.012 in (0.30 mm / 300 microns) | Matches formation Sieve Analysis (PSD) to stop sand inflow |
| Screen Jacket Material Alloy | AISI 316L Stainless Steel or Duplex 2205 | Prevents localized pitting, slot erosion, and chemical attack |
| End Connection Thread Specification | API 5CT LTC Thread Pin x Box | Guarantees mechanical joint strength and seal integrity on rig |
| Pipe Joint Length Range | API Range 2 (7.62m – 10.36m) | Matches rig derrick height and handling equipment setup |
Custom Screen Design and Quotation
Custom drilling patterns, slot openings, jacket materials, base-pipe grades, lengths, and end connections can be specified from the completion data. Provide the well depth, casing size, expected fluid, sand characteristics, temperature, pressure, and connection requirements when requesting a quotation.
